Kamar yadda BBC ta wallafa ashafinta, ƙwarar cutar Escherichia coli - da aka fi sani da E. coli, da ke gurɓata abinci - na ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin cutar da ke nuna bijirewa ga magunguna.
Dominic Hughes
Global health correspondent
Wani bincike da wasu manyan ɓangarorin masana kiwon lafiyar ƙananan yara suka gudanar ya gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan uku ne suka mutu a faɗin duniya a 2022 sakamakon cutakan da ke bijire wa magani.
Ƙananan yara a nahiyar Afirka da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya na daga cikin waɗanda suka fi hatsari.
Bijire wa magunguna - da a turance ake kira ''Antimicrobial resistance'', (AMR) na faruwa idan ƙwayoyin cutar da ke haddasa cuta suka yi ƙarfin da magani ba zai iya yaƙi da su ba.
Matsalar bijire wa magani ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da fannin lafiya ke fuskanta a duniya.
A yanzu wani sabon bincike ya nuna yadda matsalar AMR ke haddasa mutuwar ƙananan yara.
Bayanai daga majiyoyi masu ƙarfi, ciki har da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Bankin Duniya, sun nuna cewa an samu mutuwar yara fiye da miliyan uku a shekarar 2022 saboda matsalolin bijire wa magani.
Masana sun ce sabon binciken ya nuna cewa an samu ƙaruwar ƙwayoyin cutukan da ke bijire wa magani ga ƙananan yara a cikin shekara uku.
Akwai yiwuwar adadin ya ƙaru fiye da kima sakamakon tasirin annobar korona.
Yawan amfani da magungunan kashe cuta
An amfani da magungunan kashe cuta don yaƙi da ƙwayoyin da ke haddasa cutuka, kama daga cutukan fata zuwa cutur sanyin haƙarƙari.
A wasu lokutan magungunan kan bayar da kariya maimakon magance kamuwa da cuta - misali ga mutumin da ake yi wa tiyata ko ake yi wa gashi ga masu cutar kansa.
Magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta ba su da tasiri kan cutukan da suka fi yaɗuwa, kamar - cutuka irin su tari da mura ko cutar covid.
To amma a yanzu wasu ƙwayoyin cutuka sun fara bijire wa magani, sakamakon yawaitar amfani da magungunan ko amfani da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, yayin da samar da sabbin magungunan - mai ɗaukar tsawon lokaci kuma mai cin kuɗi - ke tafiyar hawainiya.
Tsakanin 2019 da 2021 amfani da ''magungunan'' da ke da babban hatsarin bijire wa magani sun ƙaru da kashi 160 a Kudu Maso Gabashi Asiya, sannan da kashi 126 a Afirka.
A cikin wannan lokacin, "ajiyayyun magunguna" - don cututtuka masu tsanani, masu jure wa magunguna - ya ƙaru da kashi 45 cikin 100 a Kudu Maso Gabashin Asiya da kashi 125 a Afirka.
Zaɓen da rage
Marubuta rahoton sun yi gargaɗin cewa idan ƙwayoyin cutar suka fara bijire wa magunguna, za a samu ƙarancin magance cutuka ko samar da magungunan da za su yaƙi cutuka masu bijire wa magani.
Prof Harwell ya gabatar da rahoton a taron ƙungiyar masu nazarin cutuka ta Turai a Vienna a watan da ya gabata.
"AMR matsala ce da duniya ke fuskanta. Ta shafi kowa. Mun yi wannan bincike domin mayar da hankali kan yadda matsalar AMR ke shafar ƙananan yara,'' kamar yadda ya bayana gabanin taron.
"Mun yi ƙiyasin cewa an samu mace-macen ƙananan yara miliyan sakamakon matsalar ijire wa magani."
Akwai masalaha ga matsalar AMR?
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana AMR a matsayin babbar matsalar da fannin lafiyar duniya ke fuskanta.
"Matsala ce da ta shafi kowane fanni na magunguna kuma ta shafi rayuwar al'umma,'' in ji Farfewa Harwell.
Hanya sahihiya da za mu kauce wa bijire wa magunguna shi ne kauce wa kamuwa da cutuka, ta hanyar yawaita riga-kafi, da tsaftace ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli.
"Za a samu buƙatar amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta saboda za a samu mutanen da ke buƙatarsu, amma yana da kyau mu tabbatar mun yi amfani da su yadda ya kamata tare da amfani da magunguna masu kyau.''
Dakta Lindsey Edwards, Malama a Jami'ar King da ke London ta ce sabon binciken, abin tayar da hankali ne idan aka kwatanta da bayanan da suka gabata.
"Sakamakon wannan bincike ka iya zama ankararwa ga jagororin lafiya ta duniya. Idan ba a ɗauki mataki kan AMR, matsalar ka iya yin illa kan ƙokarin da aka shafe gomman shekaru wajen inganta lafiyar ƙananan yara, musamman ga yankuna marasa arziki.''
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